PREFACE
Thanks for God that
we prayed for the presence of God Almighty for His blessings grace we managed
to finish the paper on time, entitled "Morphemes Forms".
This paper contains
about the information of introduction of morpheme and allomorph, as well as
examples of morpheme and allomorph. Hopefully, this paper can be used as a
reference, instructions and guidelines for the reader in education teaching
profession.
This paper is
expected to provide information to us all about the introduction of morpheme
and allomorph information, as well as examples of morpheme and allomorph. We
realize that this paper is not perfect, therefore criticism and constructive
suggestions we always hope for the perfection of this paper.
Finally, we extend
our thanks to all those who have participated in the preparation of this paper
from start to finish.
Pontianak, 03
October 2013
The Writers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS-----------------------------------------------------------
2
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------
3
A.
Background------------------------------------------------------
3
B.
Formulation of Problems-----------------------------------------
4
C.
Purposes of writing----------------------------------------------
4
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION------------------------------------------------------
5
A.
The Recognizing of
Morphemes---------------------------------
5
B.
The Definition of
Allomorph------------------------------------
6
C.
The Examples of
Morpheme and Allomorph--------------------
7
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION--------------------------- 11
A.
Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------
11
B.
Suggestion-------------------------------------------------------
12
BIBLIOGRAPHY-----------------------------------------------------------------
13
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
Many
people believe that morphemes are the same as syllables, but this is incorrect.
The word “cheddar,” for example, has two syllables, "ched" and
"dar." These syllables can't be broken apart, because they have no
semantic meaning on their own, so there is only one morpheme.
Some
people assert that some larger terms and phrases technically could be classed
as morphemes. A good example of this is the common idiom "the last
straw," where the idea of having reached a limit isn't conveyed unless all
three words appear together. Collocations such as "iron will" are
additional instances where getting meaning requires using more than one word.
Morphemes often behave differently
phonologically in ways that cannot be explained purely phonologically: one
morpheme undergoes or triggers a process while another morpheme fails to
undergo or trigger that process, even though the two are in all relevant
respects indistinguishable. Morphemes can be identified only by comparing
samples of a language. If two or more
samples can be found in which there is some feature of expression which all
share and some feature of content which all hold in common, then one
requirement is met, and these samples may be tentatively identified as a
morpheme and its meaning. Indeed, the
occurrence of these elements (to, do) is fully determined by syntactic
construction and those elements cannot make an independent contribution to the
meaning of the sentence. Those the
previous definition may be revised as: morpheme is the smallest or minimal
grammatical unit in the utterance of a language. Gleason says that, "morpheme is the
smallest unit which is grammatically pertinent.
In short based on the description above, the
writer would like to discuss about
“MORPHEME AND ALLOMORPH” this topic is a reference for many references. Hopefully
the writer that this paper can give information about Morpheme which has become
one of the important to know for many people.
B. Formulation of problem
Based on the description of the background,
the writer finds three problems they are:
1. What
is Morpheme?
2. What
is Allomorph?
3. What
are the examples of Morpheme and Allomorph?
C.
Purposes of writing
In writing this paper, the writer will
provide information and explanations to the reader that covers the
previous problems:
1.
To explain the definition
of Morpheme
2.
To describe of Allomorph
3.
To inform the example of Morpheme and allomorph
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
A. The recognizing of morphemes
Morphemes have many definitions, and it affects to language because a
morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. According to Gleason, "Morpheme is the smallest
meaningful unit in the structure of a language." Hockett has defined a
morpheme as "the smallest individually meaningful element in the
utterances of a language." As for example, 'singer' /si / has two morphemes:
/si / is one morpheme and / / is also considered a separate morpheme, because
in singer /si /, 'er' has the same meaning as it has in the words dancer /d ns
/ and player /plei /. For instance, one infinite 'to' in "He has to
go" is one standard example. The other example is of the auxiliary 'do' in
"They do not speak Greek." Indeed, the occurrence of these elements
(to, do) is fully determined by syntactic construction and those elements
cannot make an independent contribution to the meaning of the sentence.
In linguistics, a morpheme
is the smallest component of word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic meaning. The term is used as part of the branch of
linguistics known as morpheme-based
morphology. A morpheme is composed by phoneme(s) (the smallest linguistically distinctive
units of sound) in spoken language, and by grapheme(s) (the smallest units of written language)
in written language.
Morphemes can be identified
only by comparing samples of a language. If two or more samples can be found in
which there is some feature of expression which all share and some feature of
content which all hold in common, then one requirement is met, and these
samples may be tentatively identified as a morpheme and its meaning. Thus boys
/b iz/, girls / g rlz/, roads /rowdz/ are all alike in containing s /z/ and
meaning 'two or more'. We therefore identify s /z/ as a morpheme meaning
'plural'. This is not actually sufficient. "In addition, there must be
some contrast between samples with similar meaning and content", some of
which have the tentative morpheme and some of which do not.
Comparison of boy /b i/
will serve to confirm the example we have just discussed. That such a condition
is necessary is shown by the following words: bug /b g/, bee /bi:/, beetle
/bi:tl/, butterfly /b t rflai/. It seems ridiculous to suggest that since all these
include /b/ and all mean kind of insect, /b/ must be a morpheme. But this is
only as native speakers, we know that / g/, /i:/, /i:tl/ and / t rflai/ do not
exist as morphemes that can be associated with these words. Finally, it is
necessary to ascertain that what we have isolated are actually single morphemes
rather than combinations.
B. The definition of allomorphs
Allomorph
is variant form of a morpheme but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph has
different in pronunciation and spelling according to their condition. It means
that allomorph will have different sound, pronunciation or spelling in
different condition. The condition depends on the element that it attaches to allomorph.
An allomorph is a different
phonological version of a morpheme. This occurs when the surface detail of the
morpheme is different, but the deeper meaning remains the same. This commonly
occurs when the letters performing the same function, such as plurality or
time, produce a different sound or use different letters. Examples of plural
allomorphs include the difference between ‘pots’ and ‘taxes.’ The studying of
allomorphs is part of the studying of morphology in linguistics.
There are three
allomorphs of the stem: /vaːk/, /vaːt͡ʃ/
and /vaːɡ/. The allomorphs are conditioned by the
particular case-marking suffixes. The
form of the stem /vaːk/, found in the nominative
singular and locative plural is the etymological form of the morpheme.
Pre-Indic palatalization of velars
resulted in the variant form /vaːt͡ʃ/, which was
initially phonologically conditioned. This conditioning can still be seen in
the Locative Singular form, where the /t͡ʃ/ is followed
by the high front vowel /i/.But subsequent merging of /e/ and /o/ into /a/
made the alternation unpredictable on phonetic grounds in the Genitive case
(both Singular and Plural), as well as the Nominative Plural and Instrumental
Singular. Hence, this allomorph was no longer directly relatable to
phonological processes.
A regular allomorph can have
different sounds. Irregular morphemes are also allomorphs. This means the
irregular plural found in ‘sheep’ and ‘fish’ are also allomorphs of ‘s.’ this
can occur through the merger of dialects, which produced ‘children.’ It can
also occur when loan words are imported from another language such as with the
difference between datum and data, both of which are from Latin. The plural noun form is a
common example used to explain an allomorph. Consider the difference in sound
of the‘s’ in ‘pots,’ ‘dogs’ and ‘taxes’ when spoken aloud. The‘s’ in ‘pots’
sounds like a phonetic [-s], while the‘s’ in ‘dogs’ is more of a phonetic [-z].
C. The examples of morpheme and allomorph
1.
The example of morphemes
a.
The examples of free morpheme
Examples
|
Word class
|
Meaning
|
Beauty
|
Noun
|
A combination of
qualities that delights the atheistic senses
|
Work
|
Verb
|
Do work, especially
as a job or activities
|
Smart
|
Adjective
|
Having quick
intelligence
|
Quickly
|
Adverb
|
Doing fast
|
b.
The example of bound morpheme
Bound
morpheme usually changes the meaning, number or word class after it attaches to
other word. See the table bellow:
Word
|
Free Morpheme
|
Bound Morpheme
|
Meaning
|
Beautiful
|
Beauty
|
-ful (suffix)
|
|
Unable
|
Able
|
Un- (prefix)
|
Negative
|
Higher
|
High
|
-er (suffix)
|
More than/
comparison
|
2.
The
examples of allomorphs
The examples of allomorph they are :
|
Allomorph
|
Root/ stem
|
Meaning
|
A teacher
An egg
|
A
An
|
Teacher
egg
|
Countable
noun
Countable noun
|
Mengejar
Mencari
Memberi
Menulis
Memangkas
Menari
|
Meng-
Men-
Mem-
Men-
Mem-
Men-
|
Kejar
Cari
Beri
Tulis
Pangkas
tari
|
Doing
action
Doing action
Doing action
Doing action
Doing action
Doing action
|
Incapable
Illogical
Impossible
irregular
|
In-
Il-
Im-
Ir-
|
Capable
Logical
Possible
Regular
|
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
|
At the table of
examples above, we can see that allomorph is a variant sound, of one morpheme.
It has different pronunciation and spelling, but it still has same meaning. See
the example bellow:
1. Incapable
2. Illogical
3. Impossible
4. “In-”, “Il-” and “Im-” at the words above are the
variant sound of “In-”. Although it has different sound and spelling, it is
still similar in meaning that is negative.
CHAPTER
111
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
A morpheme is the smallest component of
word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic meaning. The term is used as part of the branch of
linguistics known as morpheme-based
morphology. A morpheme is composed by phoneme(s) (the smallest linguistically distinctive
units of sound) in spoken language, and by grapheme(s) (the smallest units of written language)
in written language.
Morphemes
divide in two parts they are free morpheme and bound morpheme, free morphemes is morpheme
that can stand alone as meaningful element in a sentence or stand alone as
word, while bound morpheme
is morpheme that cannot stand alone as meaningful element in a sentence or
stand alone as a word, but it should attach to other element in order to have a
meaning.
There are three
allomorphs of the stem: /vaːk/, /vaːt͡ʃ/
and /vaːɡ/. The allomorphs are conditioned by the
particular case-marking suffixes.The form of the stem /vaːk/,
found in the nominative singular and locative plural is the etymological form
of the morpheme. Pre-Indic palatalization of velars
resulted in the variant form /vaːt͡ʃ/, which was
initially phonologically conditioned. This conditioning can still be seen in
the Locative Singular form, where the /t͡ʃ/ is followed
by the high front vowel /i/.But subsequent merging of /e/ and /o/ into /a/
made the alternation unpredictable on phonetic grounds in the Genitive case
(both Singular and Plural), as well as the Nominative Plural and Instrumental
Singular. Hence, this allomorph was no longer directly relatable to
phonological processes.
Allomorph is
variant form of a morpheme but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph has
different in pronunciation and spelling according to their condition. It means
that allomorph will have different sound, pronunciation or spelling in
different condition. The condition depends on the element that it attaches to
allomorph.
B.
Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above here the writer would like to suggest into
the readers.
1.
Morpheme is very important to be studied for all people.
2.
Morpheme and allomorph can be useful to improve our grammar in English
BIBLIOGRAPHY
English Allomorph. http://www.stanford.edu /~kfpotts/teaching /201/docs/English_ allomorphs.pdf
Allomorphs Definition. http://www.gaelicgrammar.org /~gaelic/mediawiki/ index. Php / Allomorph_(definition)